http://makingrenmanuscripts.exhibits.library.upenn.edu/files/original/9afae057763b040e182e6771c9623766.png 0fe9091feaa7e0a99f459d544bf78577 http://makingrenmanuscripts.exhibits.library.upenn.edu/files/original/39e8fa0c3b0b28bc216d8b396e447d9a.png 5965fd8d2e2453735bf6f8219229fab4 http://makingrenmanuscripts.exhibits.library.upenn.edu/files/original/9e31da408980ba0f3942688c37044c57.png 8bb7c66ef0e7e52bc25c53a3b01c910b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12. Transmitting Knowledge; Politics, Economics, and the Merchant Class Subject The topic of the resource Politics, Economics, and the Merchant Class Description An account of the resource Beginning in the fourteenth century, increasingly complex systems of international and interregional commerce led to new challenges for merchants and monarchs alike. In response, innovative document types were created. In order to thrive, aspiring traders needed to master not only the basic skills of arithmetic and geometry, but also the application of such concepts to everyday situations. Basic arithmetic operations, especially those involving fractions, are couched in everyday challenges: how to gauge the contents of a barrel, measure the height of a tower, or determine inheritance sums. For more established merchants whose work took them across the Mediterranean basin, comprehensive guides to the goods available in each major city, paired with the relevant measurements and currency denominations, were essential. Alongside the far-flung banking and trade networks epitomized by the Peruzzi, Acciaiuoli, and Medici dynasties, the concurrent centralization of administrative power in expanding nation-states necessitated the establishment of a true fiscal policy. Fragmented systems of taxation, inherited from feudal days, needed to be reformed in the monarchies of England and France in order to pay for costly wars. The administration of state affairs became especially complex in the 1520s for the French king Francis I (1494–1547), so much so that a well-meaning official produced a set of actionable recommendations for reform. By adopting these, the king could limit his reliance on wealthy lords and merchants. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. Nicholas Herman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Making the Renaissance Manuscript; Discoveries From Philadelphia Libraries Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Exhibition Catalogue Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Compilation of texts including <em>De ludo scacchorum seu de moribus hominum et officiis nobilium</em> (Book of the Game of Chess, or, The Customs of Men and the Duties of Nobles) Description An account of the resource This diverse early humanist compendium, mostly in Latin, contains short works and extracts of longer texts relating to political philosophy, religion, history, and literature. The presence of much material related to the political circumstances in the region around Bologna in the fourteenth century helps localize the manuscript. It includes multiple texts by Donato Albanzani (ca. 1328–after 1411), a rhetorician active in Venice, Ravenna, and Ferrara. Albanzani was a friend of Petrarch and Boccaccio, translating their respective works into Italian. Over a quarter of the manuscript is devoted to Jacobus de Cessolis’s <em>De ludo scachorum</em> of circa 1300, a collection of sermons comparing the proper relationships between a king and various subjects to the rules of chess, providing a detailed introduction to the game as it was played in his time. Portions of the manuscript are a palimpsest; the undertext appears to be a fourteenth-century legal text. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Author: Jacobus de Cessolis; Scribe: Franciscus Gennay Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1409 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Manuscript on parchment, 175 fols. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context University of Pennsylvania, Lawrence J. Schoenberg Collection, LJS 267 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Northern Italy